| Team | Extended Abstract | Methods |
|---|---|---|
| RWKV (Zhou-Zheng et al.) | RWKV | |
| PixelGen | Hierarchical Transformer | |
| MuseCoco (BL-1) | arXiv | Transformer |
| Anticipatory Music Transformer (BL-2) | arXiv | Transformer |
| Team | Subjective Evaluation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coherecy ↑ | Structure ↑ | Creativity ↑ | Musicality ↑ | |
| RWKV (Zhou-Zheng et al.) | 3.57 ± 0.10a | 3.58 ± 0.10a | 3.26 ± 0.10a | 3.50 ± 0.10a |
| PixelGen | 2.39 ± 0.10c | 2.37 ± 0.09c | 2.85 ± 0.09b | 2.48 ± 0.09c |
| MuseCoco (BL-1) | 3.11 ± 0.10b | 3.07 ± 0.09b | 3.08 ± 0.09ab | 2.95 ± 0.09b |
| Anticipatory Music Transformer (BL-2) | 3.70 ± 0.10a | 3.69 ± 0.09a | 3.30 ± 0.10a | 3.45 ± 0.10a |
Results are reported in the form of mean ± sems (sem refers to standard error of mean), where s is a letter. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences (p-value p < 0.05) based on a Wilcoxon signed rank test with Holm-Bonferroni correction.
For MuseCoco, we use the xlarge model with 1.2 billion learnable parameters. For Anticipatory Music Transformer, we use the Large model with 780M learnable parameters.
A double-blind online survey was conducted to test music quality. Each model was anonymised, and for each test prompt, a sample was cherry-picked from 8 generated candidates. A total of 8 prompts of varied styles (pop, classical, and jazzy) were tested, resulting in an 8-page survey. The page order and the sample order within each page were both randomised. Responses were collected from 20 participants with diverse music backgrounds. 14 participants completed all 8 pages with an average completion time of 32 minutes.
Given a 4-measure piano prompt (plus an optional pickup measure), each system generates a 12-measure continuation, forming a complete 16-measure piece. Each model's piece is rendered live from MIDI — click to play the piano roll with audio.
The lighter notes left of the divider are the shared prompt; the bolder notes are the model's continuation. Each model is time-aligned to the prompt and clipped to 12 bars.
How to listen: click a tile to play its piano roll live — the MIDI is synthesized in your browser with a sampled grand piano (the Salamander sample set, via Tone.js; a built-in synth is used if the samples can't load). To hear each system's original rendered audio at full fidelity instead, click the ▶ MP3 button at the top-right of a tile.
| RWKV | PixelGen | MuseCoco (BL-1) | Anticipatory MT (BL-2) |
|---|